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King Charles III is the one who decided on the construction of this building. It was intended for the workers involved in the construction of the new houses of the Royal Site, due to the continuous accidents and illnesses that occurred increasingly frequently.
The project was carried out by the architect Juan Esteban in 1771 and opened in 1773, but only with one part in use. The layout of the building is rectangular and its perimeter has been maintained to the present day.
From 1781, the architect Juan de Villanueva will be in charge of the building's works. In 1801, he designed the extension of the main hall, the costs of which were funded by the sale of the Hospital's properties.
After the revolution of 1868, ownership of the building became municipal, retaining the health functions it maintained until the 80s.
From 1943 onwards, it was called the «Hospital de la Alcaldesa», referring to Doña Carmen Polo, who had been appointed honorary Mayor.
In the second half of the 20th century, several important reforms are carried out. In 2002, it recovers its old name, being called "Centro de Salud San Carlos".
It currently houses the San Lorenzo de El Escorial Health Centre, which depends on the Community of Madrid's Ministry of Health.
Hospital commissioned by Charles III to treat the workers of the Royal Site's construction, one of Spain's first charitable hospitals and an example of the monarch's Enlightenment policy.